A new museum dedicated to the Roman epic poet Virgil has opened in Mantua, Virgil’s hometown, in a newly-restored 13th century palace. Visitors to the museum will have the opportunity to see art and artifacts related to Rome’s poet laureate in eight galleries, each dedicated to a different aspect of Virgil’s life and work, in a setting that is itself a rediscovered gem of medieval art.
Publius Vergilius Maro was born a few miles from Mantua on the Ides of October, 70 B.C. From a family of some means in what was then Cisalpine Gaul (the Roman province of Gaul “on this side of the Alps”), Virgil was highly educated and published his first collection of poetry, the Eclogues, around 38 B.C. Its success garnered him entre into the literary circle of Octavian’s supporters. He wrote the Georgics between 37 and 29 B.C., then turned to his greatest masterpiece, the Aeneid, written in the last ten years of his life (29-19 B.C.). He died of illness in southern Italy and was buried in Naples, but Mantua was still very much on his mind in his final days. He wrote his own epitaph that was inscribed on his tomb: “Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.” (“Mantua gave birth to me, Calabrians took it away; Parthenope [the Greek name for Naples] holds me now; I sang of pastures, farms, and commanders.”)
Mantua has boasted of its beloved native son since antiquity, a devotion that was amplified in the High Middle Ages when Virgil was a keystone of the intellectual and cultural revival known as the Renaissance of the 12th century. Dante made Virgil his guide and role model through Hell and Purgatory in the Divine Comedy.
Built in the thick of this revival in 1227, the Palazzo del Podestà was the seat of municipal administration for Mantua for hundreds of years. Virgil has always been part of the fabric of the building. It was called the Palazzo Virgilio at one point. A 12th century statue of Virgil in medieval doctoral robes with a writing desk on his lap adorned a niche in the façade. That has been moved into the museum now. The other niche holds a statue of the Virgin Mary, just to convey the elevated status the poet held (and holds).
It has been home to several museums, a courthouse, even a prison since its retirement as a government building, but was heavily damaged in the two major earthquakes that struck Northern Italy in May of 2012. In 2017, the city embarked on a comprehensive campaign of repair and restoration of the huge palace which covers 97,000 square feet of space in 227 rooms on seven levels. The project cost 24 million euros and was completed at the end of 2023. Over the next year, part of the renovated palazzo was converted into a museum dedicated to Virgil.
In the immediate aftermath of the 2012 earthquakes, a hidden treasure emerged during emergency shoring up works: medieval murals of high quality covering whole walls of the palazzo. They were explored, stabilized and conserved during the restoration project.
The images depict the months of the year through work scenes and astrological references, creating a bridge between the harmony of natural time and human life. This illustrated codex, with high didactic value, offers a visual experience capable of captivating both experts and casual visitors.
Alongside the Cycle of the Months, the walls of the Upper Masseria house frescoes depicting scenes from chivalric and mythological tales, including armigers in battle and centaurs. An enigmatic soldier with capride legs could represent, according to the hypothesis of Veronica Ghizzi, the museum’s director, a variation on the iconography of King Arthur, a symbol of mad and disorderly undertakings, in stark contrast to the harmony celebrated in the Cycle of Months.
The theme of nature, central to the Cycle of Months, relates directly to Virgil’s Georgics, where the poet celebrates agricultural labor as an instrument of peace and cosmic order. Virgil’s vision, which contrasts the harmony of celestial time with the chaos of human conflicts, finds a perfect representation in the medieval cosmology reproposed by the frescoes. The museum tour also allows visitors to see heraldic frescoes from 1473 and, in the Arengario, a frieze about a meter high, laid on white plaster, with insignia from the time of Federico II Gonzaga.
The Virgil Museum is not limited to frescoes, however: visitors can admire a number of artworks and artifacts related to the poet. Notable among these are the Virgil in the Chair, a 13th-century polychrome sculpture, and the Throne of Virgil, an artifact from the 2nd century BC. Also of great interest are Gonzaga coins bearing the poet’s effigy, a fragment of a 1540 fresco depicting his face, a bust of Virgil from the first half of the 16th century, and ancient volumes of his works. Each piece on display helps tell the story of the unbreakable bond between Virgil and Mantua, a connection that the museum aims to make tangible and accessible to all.
The Virgil Museum officially opened its doors on December 7th.
A floor partially filled in with cow bone “tiles” has been discovered during renovations of a townhouse in Alkmaar, North Holland. The metacarpal and metatarsal bones of cattle were used to replace lost and broken earthenware tiles, a mysterious practice that rarely survives and has only been found before in The Netherlands’ province of North Holland.The reason for the use of animal bones in the floor remains unclear. Archaeologists speculate that the bones may have been chosen for a specific reason, possibly related to the trades or activities carried out in the building at the time. However, it is also possible that the bones were used as a cheap way to fill in the gaps where tiles were missing.
The building on the Achterdam was constructed in 1609, but these floors typically date to the 15th century. Archaeologists hypothesize that it may have been the foundation of an older structure that was left in place when the new house was built. The floor is still being excavated; the team is hoping to uncover its original extent and find out more about how it was used. They will also study the bones and tile to determine exactly when the floor was laid.
