The remains of a monumental hall belonging to a 4th-century episcopal palace have been discovered at Ostia Antica, Rome’s ancient port town. The base of the structure is eight by 20 meters (ca. 26 by 65 feet) and the walls were an estimated eight meters high. This is an extraordinarily large space, and it was richly decorated with mosaic floors and marble panels. It is one of the oldest Christian complexes ever discovered the environs of Rome, and its rich decoration and expansive facilities are on a scale previously unknown in the Constantinian period.
The archaeological remains of the 1,700-year-old structure lay hidden just inches below the topsoil, scraped and dislodged but not severely damaged by centuries of agricultural activity just above it. In fact, farming helped preserve the remains.
Ultimately, it was fortunate that the farmers continued to use the land until the Ostia Antica Archaeological Park near Rome was established. “Here, no buildings interfere with our excavations – we hardly have to take graves or anything like that into consideration,” says Prof. Dr. Sabine Feist of the Department of Christian Archaeology at the University of Bonn. A favorable situation for research – and not only for that reason: “We know of other churches from this early period, but these were completely altered in the Middle Ages.” That didn’t happen here either.
The newly-discovered structure is adjacent to a monumental church complex discovered by geophysical surveys in 1996 and excavated in 2023-4. The church was built around 330 A.D., late in the reign of Constantine (306-337 A.D.) on the remains of a Roman insula (apartment building). Measuring about 50 by 80 meters, the church complex covered 4,000 square feet and included am adjacent bishop’s residence.
For such an elaborate complex to have been built when Christians had only recently been granted legal rights (Edict of Milan, 313 A.D.) and freedom of worship is evidence of a well-organized Church apparatus, capable of emerging from the penumbra of private and literal underground spaces straight into sophisticated, large-scale architectural developments.
The Bishop of Ostia was an important church leader in the Early Church. He held the position of Cardinal Dean, charged with convening the conclave of cardinals to elect a new pontiff after the death of a Pope. The exact location of his titular church and residence were unknown until the 2023-4 excavation confirmed the identity of the building complex.
In the aerial view, the discovered structure is to be seen at the bottom, but it does not seem plausible that there are no surrounding structures whatsoever, as all the grassland suggests.
So far, I am unsure if the ‘great hall’ and the ‘church’ are separate, but the reconstruction reminds of Constantine’s ‘Aula Palatina’ which still stands in Trier (being used as church).
An important role in Ostia must have had ‘Gallicanus’, arguably Flavius Gallicanus: After his conversion to Christianity he retired to Ostia, founded a hospital and endowed a church.
…maybe hard to tell what had happened exactly, but for Julian the Apostate it could have made sense to get rid of a former Consul and to dispatch him off to Egypt.
From the ‘Martyrologium Romanum’ for June 25th:
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“In Alexandria martyred St. Gallicanus, former Consul, who, highly decorated and dear to Emperor Constantine, influenced by the Saints John and Paul, converted to Christianity; and having it accepted, went with St. Hilarius to Ostia Tiberina, dedicating himself to hospitality and service to patients. As the World took notice, many from allover went there and saw the former Patrician and Consul washing the feet of the poor, preparing meals, and putting water on hands, eagerly servicing the weak and exhibiting other pious works. Soon after, under Julian the Apostate, he was expulsed and ended up in Alexandria; there, urged by Judge Raucianus to sacrifice to the Emperor and contemned, he therefore received a blow by the sword and was made a Christian Martyr.”
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